Tabaninae

Tabaninae is a subfamily of the family Tabanidae, commonly known as horse flies. Members are large to medium-sized, stout-bodied true flies with often brightly colored eyes and a robust exoskeleton. Like other tabanids, females possess strong, blade-like mouthparts for cutting skin and drawing blood, whereas males do not bite and typically feed on nectar or other plant fluids. They occur worldwide in a variety of habitats, from forests to grasslands and wetlands, and are especially active in warm, sunny weather.

Female horse flies require a blood meal to develop eggs; the timing and host range varies by species, with preferences for mammals including livestock and humans; males primarily feed on nectar and play a role in pollination. They are strong fliers and can be rapid and persistent in pursuit of hosts.

Life cycle: Eggs are laid in batches on vegetation or near water; larvae are legless and occupy moist soil, leaf litter, or aquatic sediments, often predatory or saprophagous; development from egg to adult can take several weeks to months depending on temperature. Adults have a short lifespan, focusing on reproduction and feeding. They are agricultural pests due to their painful bites and defensive behavior, capable of affecting livestock, wildlife, and human outdoor activity. Tabaninae members are also pollinators for many flowering plants, particularly through the nectar-feeding activity of the males.