Surmenage

Surmenage is a French term used to describe physical and mental exhaustion resulting from prolonged or excessive exertion and stress. It denotes a state in which performance declines, fatigue persists beyond normal rest, and the individual may experience a range of physical and psychological symptoms. While not a single clinical diagnosis, surmenage is used in medical, occupational, and psychological contexts to capture work-related or life-stress fatigue.

Etymology and usage: the word combines a sense of overdoing or overexertion with strain or fatigue. Historically, surplus mental and nervous strain described by early 20th-century physicians as a form of neurasthenia has influenced its use. In contemporary practice, surmenage remains a descriptive term for fatigue linked to high demands and insufficient recovery, across professions, caregiving roles, and academic settings.

Causes and risk factors: excessive working hours, high workload, tight deadlines, sustained cognitive or emotional demands, poor sleep, inadequate rest, and insufficient coping strategies all contribute. Personal factors such as poor resilience, preexisting health issues, and lack of social support can amplify risk. Surmenage can occur even in individuals who otherwise appear capable, particularly when recovery periods are skipped or shortened.

Symptoms: persistent tiredness, diminished concentration, memory lapses, irritability, sleep disturbances, headaches, muscle tension, digestive issues, and reduced motivation. Mood changes and a sense of heaviness or “pressure” may accompany physical symptoms.

Diagnosis and management: surmenage is not a formal DSM/ICD diagnosis but a clinical description used alongside evaluation to exclude medical conditions. Management emphasizes rest, time off or workload adjustment, sleep hygiene, regular physical activity, balanced nutrition, stress management, and, when needed, psychotherapy or counseling. Occupational health interventions and gradual return-to-work planning can support recovery.

Prognosis: with adequate rest and changes to work and lifestyle, symptoms often improve; without intervention, they can persist or become chronic.