Shortsightedness

Shortsightedness, also called myopia, is a common refractive error in which distant objects appear blurry while close objects are seen clearly. In myopia, light focuses in front of the retina instead of on it, often because the eye is too long (increased axial length) or has too much optical power in the cornea or lens.

Most cases begin in childhood and may progress during adolescence. Risk factors include genetics, early onset, and environmental factors such as extensive near work or insufficient time spent outdoors. Symptoms typically involve blurred distance vision, squinting, or difficulty recognizing distant signs like a whiteboard or street signs.

Diagnosis is made through a comprehensive eye examination that includes a refraction test to determine corrective power and a dilated examination to assess the health of the eye and rule out other conditions. Regular screening is especially important for children to monitor progression.

Management focuses on correcting vision and slowing progression in children. Corrective options include eyeglasses or contact lenses. Special approaches to control progression include atropine eye drops, increased outdoor activity, and orthokeratology (overnight rigid contact lenses). Refractive surgery, such as LASIK, PRK, or SMILE, can provide a long-term correction for adults with stable myopia. In cases of high myopia, implanted lenses (phakic intraocular lenses) may be considered.

Prognosis varies; myopia tends to stabilize in early adulthood but can continue to progress in some individuals. High myopia increases the risk of serious eye conditions later in life, including retinal detachment, myopic maculopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts. Regular eye examinations help monitor progression and eye health.