LASIK

LASIK, or Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis, is a refractive eye surgery designed to reduce dependence on glasses or contact lenses by reshaping the cornea to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. It is one of the most commonly performed refractive procedures and is offered by many ophthalmology clinics worldwide.

Most LASIK procedures begin with a preoperative examination to assess vision stability, corneal thickness, and overall eye health. During the procedure, a corneal flap is created using a femtosecond laser or a microkeratome, the underlying corneal tissue is reshaped with an excimer laser, and the flap is laid back into place to seal without stitches. The procedure is typically performed on one eye at a time and is usually completed within a short visit.

Typical recovery includes mild discomfort the first day, rapid improvement in vision, and gradual stabilization over several weeks. Some patients experience dry eye or sensitivity to light during recovery. Most individuals notice a substantial reduction in dependence on spectacles for distance vision, though results can vary and some may still require glasses for reading or specific tasks.

Eligibility and safety: Suitable for adults with stable prescriptions and adequate corneal thickness who are free from active eye disease. Contraindications include keratoconus, corneal scarring, severe dry eye, pregnancy-related changes, and certain autoimmune conditions.

Risks and complications: Dry eye, glare, halos, under- or overcorrection, infection, flap complications, regression over time; some patients may require enhancement.

Alternatives: Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK), SMILE, implantable collamer lenses (ICL), and traditional refractive correction.

History: LASIK emerged in the 1990s, with development by researchers including Pallikaris; FDA approvals followed in the United States in 1999.