myopia

Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a common refractive error in which distant objects appear blurry while close objects are clear. It occurs when light is focused in front of the retina due to an elongated eyeball, excessive corneal curvature, or lens power. Myopia commonly begins in childhood or adolescence and may progress during years of eye growth.

Symptoms include blurred distance vision, squinting to improve clarity, headaches or eyestrain, and difficulty recognizing distant signs such as road signs. Some people may notice only after screen time or in low lighting.

Causes and risk factors: Myopia results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental influences. It tends to run in families and is more prevalent in urban areas and East Asia. Prolonged near work, intensive close reading, and limited outdoor time have been associated with increased risk of onset and faster progression. Structural factors include axial elongation of the eye and greater refractive power of the cornea or lens.

Diagnosis: A comprehensive eye examination includes refraction measurements to determine refractive error and best correction, visual acuity testing, keratometry, and often measurement of axial length. Cycloplegic refraction may be used in children to provide an accurate assessment.

Management: Corrective lenses such as glasses or contact lenses remain the primary treatment to restore distance vision. Refractive surgery (LASIK, PRK, SMILE) can provide a permanent correction for eligible adults. In children, strategies to slow progression include low-dose atropine drops, special contact lenses or ortho-k lenses, and encouraging outdoor activity; regular follow-up is essential.

Prognosis and complications: Most myopia remains stable in adulthood, but higher degrees increase the risk of sight-threatening complications such as retinal detachment, myopic maculopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts. Public health efforts emphasize prevention of progression through lifestyle measures and regular eye care.