Rotorwing

Rotorwing is a term used to describe aircraft that generate lift primarily through rotating wings or rotors. These aircraft, collectively known as rotorcraft, include helicopters, autogyros, tiltrotors, and multirotor drones. The hallmark is lifting and propelling the aircraft with spinning blades, rather than fixed wings.

Mechanism and controls rely on rotor systems. A main rotor provides most of the lift, while an anti-torque or thrust system counteracts the torque created by the rotor. Pilot controls adjust rotor blade pitch and rotor speed: cyclic control tilts the rotor disk to change direction, while collective control raises or lowers the pitch collectively to change overall lift. Engine power is transmitted through gearboxes to the rotors, and in some configurations additional rotors or tail surfaces aid stability and control. Rotorcraft can enter or descend vertically, hover, and perform precise maneuvers that fixed-wing aircraft cannot.

Types and configurations vary. Helicopters typically use one main rotor and a tail rotor or alternative anti-torque method. Some designs employ tandem or coaxial rotors. Autogyros have unpowered rotors that autorotate from forward motion, providing lift but relying on forward speed for stability. Tiltrotor aircraft combine rotor lift with a conventional fixed-wing mode by tilting the rotors between vertical and horizontal attitudes. Multirotor drones use several smaller rotors for lift and control, often with simplified mechanical arrangements.

History and use. Early rotorcraft experimentation progressed in the early 20th century, with practical helicopters emerging in the 1940s and advancing through the late 20th century. Tiltrotors and advanced multirotors expanded capabilities for military, civilian, search-and-rescue, transport, and aerial observation roles. Rotorwing remains valued for vertical takeoff and landing, hover capability, and access to confined spaces, albeit with complexity, maintenance, and noise considerations.