autogyros

An autogyro, also called an autogyroplane or gyroplane, is a type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor to generate lift and a separate propulsion system to provide forward thrust. The rotor spins freely in autorotation, driven by the air passing upward through it as the aircraft moves. A forward propeller, usually located at the nose or rear, supplies the thrust necessary for flight. The combination allows the craft to fly at relatively low speeds and to take off and land on short runways.

Unlike a helicopter, an autogyro cannot hover. The rotor must maintain forward airspeed to sustain rotation, and stable flight relies on aerodynamic surfaces at the tail and, in many designs, small fixed wings that contribute lift at low speeds. Pilots control direction with the rudder, pitch with the elevator, and speed with throttle; rotor behavior is shaped by the aircraft’s overall aerodynamics and trim rather than continuous engine power to the rotor.

History and development: The concept originated in the 1920s with Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva, who sought to prevent stalls during approach. His successful autogiro experiments culminated in 1923, leading to commercially important models such as the Cierva and Pitcairn designs. While helicopters eventually offered greater versatility, autogyros found ongoing use in training, sport aviation, observation, and specialized roles.

Modern status: Autogyros are produced by several manufacturers and used worldwide for recreation, private transport, aerial surveying, crop-dusting, and observation work. They are typically classified as light rotorcraft and subject to aviation regulations appropriate to small aircraft, with ongoing refinements in safety, stability, and comfort.