Procolobus

Procolobus is a genus of Old World monkeys in the family Cercopithecidae, subfamily Colobinae. They are traditionally associated with the red colobus group and are native to tropical Africa, with distributions spanning West and Central Africa’s forested regions. The taxonomy of red colobus has been complex and fluid; many species once placed in Procolobus have been reassigned to other genera, notably Piliocolobus, as genetic and morphological analyses clarified relationships within Colobinae. Today, Procolobus is recognized by some authorities as a smaller, core group, while others treat its members as part of Piliocolobus.

These monkeys are arboreal and diurnal, typically living in small to medium-sized social groups that navigate the forest canopy in search of food. Their adaptation to folivory is evident in their physiology: a sacculated, multi-chambered stomach and elongated intestines that help break down tough leaves. Diets are leaf-dominated but may include fruit, seeds, and flowers when available. They are generally shy and elusive, relying on their forelimbs and tail for balance while moving through trees.

Physical characteristics vary among species within the broader red colobus complex, with pelage colors ranging from olive and reddish to darker tones and patterns that may be sexually dimorphic or geographically variable. Reproductive patterns tend to be slow, with extended intervals between births and prolonged maternal care for infants.

Conservation status varies by species, but habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and hunting pressure pose significant threats to many Procolobus populations. IUCN assessments commonly classify several red colobus species as endangered or vulnerable, highlighting the need for habitat protection and conservation planning.