ProblemSolution

Problem solving is the process of identifying, analyzing, and overcoming obstacles in order to reach a desired goal. It encompasses a range of cognitive and collaborative activities used across disciplines and settings. A problem is typically characterized by an initial state, a goal state, and constraints that limit possible actions. A solution is a course of action that moves from the initial state toward the goal state without violating constraints. In research and practice, problem solving often involves reasoning, experimentation, and learning from feedback.

The standard workflow includes defining the problem clearly, generating a broad set of potential solutions, evaluating options against criteria such as feasibility, impact, and risk, selecting a plan, implementing it, and reviewing results for learning and adjustments. This process can be linear or iterative, with revisiting earlier steps as new information becomes available.

Common frameworks and approaches include design thinking, which emphasizes empathy, ideation, and iterative prototyping; the scientific method, which stresses hypothesis testing and evidence; and systematic methods like TRIZ for inventive problem solving. The PDCA cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act) supports continuous improvement, while root-cause analysis (for example, the 5 Whys) helps identify underlying factors.

Problems vary in nature: well-defined problems have clear goals and constraints, while ill-defined problems are more ambiguous and may require reframing. Key skills include critical thinking, creativity, data literacy, collaboration, and adaptability. Applications span education, engineering, software development, business, healthcare, and public policy, reflecting problem solving as a foundational capability across fields.