PDCA

PDCA, also known as the Deming cycle, is a four-step method for the continuous improvement of processes and products. The cycle comprises Plan, Do, Check, and Act. In Plan, goals are defined, processes mapped, and indicators identified. In Do, the plan is implemented on a small scale or as a pilot. In Check, results are measured and compared with expectations to identify gaps. In Act, the process is adjusted based on findings; successful changes are standardized, while ineffective ones are discarded or revised.

Origins and scope: PDCA derives from Walter A. Shewhart's quality control ideas and was popularized by W. Edwards Deming. It is widely used across industries and is sometimes referred to as Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA), particularly in healthcare.

Applications and limitations: PDCA supports continual improvement, learning, and cross-functional teamwork. It aligns with quality management systems and various improvement initiatives. Effective use requires leadership support, clear objectives, appropriate metrics, and documentation. Potential pitfalls include over-planning, insufficient data, failing to close the loop, and treating cycles as one-off projects rather than ongoing practice.

Relation to standards: PDCA underpins continual improvement concepts in standards such as ISO 9001, as well as Lean and Six Sigma programs, though tools and emphasis may vary.