PlanDoStudyAct

Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) is a four-step cycle used for testing and implementing improvements in processes and outcomes. It emphasizes small, iterative tests of change, learning from each cycle to drive continuous improvement. PDSA is widely used in quality improvement efforts across healthcare, manufacturing, education, and public services, helping teams develop data-driven solutions and reduce variation.

Origin and naming: PDSA derives from the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle described by Walter A. Shewart and later popularized in quality improvement literature. The Plan-Do-Study-Act terminology, and its emphasis on studying results, has been promoted by organizations such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement as part of their Model for Improvement.

The four steps

- Plan: formulate a clear aim, predict outcomes, identify the change to be tested, and plan data collection and measurement.

- Do: implement the change on a small scale or in a pilot setting, and document what happens, including any problems.

- Study: analyze data and compare results with predictions, reflecting on what was learned and why.

- Act: decide whether to adopt, modify, or abandon the change. If successful, scale up or standardize; if not, begin a new PDSA cycle with adjustments.

Benefits and limitations: PDSA promotes learning, rapid testing, and reduction of risk by iterating on small changes. It requires clear metrics, disciplined data collection, and leadership support. Potential pitfalls include insufficient measurement, scope creep, and treating cycles as paperwork rather than learning opportunities.