prototyping

Prototyping is the process of creating a simplified version of a product or system to explore ideas, test functionality, and validate design concepts before final production. It enables stakeholders to interact with an early representation and provide feedback.

Prototypes vary in fidelity and scope. Low-fidelity prototypes, such as sketches, wireframes, or paper models, focus on structure and user flow with minimal detail. High-fidelity prototypes resemble the final product in appearance and interaction and may be interactive or functional. Prototypes can be disposable or reused as development proceeds.

The prototyping process is iterative: define goals, build, test with users or stakeholders, collect data, and refine. Common methods include paper prototyping, digital mockups, interactive simulations, and working proofs of concept. Tools range from pen and paper to digital design and 3D modeling platforms.

Prototyping is used across domains such as user experience, product design, software development, hardware engineering, and service design. In software, prototypes test interfaces and flows; in hardware, physical models may be produced with 3D printing or electronics kits. Prototypes and minimum viable products are related but serve different purposes: a prototype demonstrates ideas, while an MVP is a releasable product with enough features for early users.

Benefits include faster feedback, reduced risk, clearer requirements, and better team alignment. Limitations include potential misinterpretation of fidelity, time and cost of creation, and a risk of focusing on cosmetic details rather than core function. Prototyping remains a core practice in iterative development and user-centered design.