Parnara

Parnara is a genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae. These butterflies are commonly known as swift grass skippers. The genus is distributed across the Old World tropics, with species found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Parnara butterflies are characterized by their relatively small to medium size, often with brown or dark brown wings. Some species exhibit faint markings or spots on their wings, while others are largely unmarked.

The life cycle of Parnara species follows the typical butterfly pattern of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larvae, or caterpillars, are usually herbivorous, feeding on various grasses. Adult Parnara butterflies are active fliers, often seen flitting rapidly low to the ground. They feed on nectar from flowers. Identification of individual Parnara species can be challenging due to their similar appearance. Distinguishing features often involve subtle differences in wing venation, coloration, and the shape of the male's stigma, a scent-producing organ.

Several species are recognized within the genus Parnara. For example, Parnara bada is found in South Asia, while Parnara apostata is native to Africa. The exact taxonomic classification and the number of valid species within Parnara are subject to ongoing scientific research and revision. Their ecological role includes pollination and serving as a food source for predators. As with many insect groups, habitat loss and environmental changes can pose threats to Parnara populations.