Hesperiidae

Hesperiidae, commonly known as skippers, is a diverse family of butterflies in the order Lepidoptera. It comprises several thousand described species and is globally distributed, with the greatest diversity in tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

Members are typically small to medium-sized with stout bodies and relatively large heads. A characteristic feature is their antennae, which are clubbed and curved toward the tip, ending in a distinct hook. The wings are often boldly patterned, and the flight is fast and darting. Resting postures vary, but many species hold the forewings and hindwings at oblique angles, giving a rapid, skipping appearance.

Systematics and diversity: Hesperiidae is divided into several subfamilies, the largest being Hesperiinae (grass skippers) and Pyrginae (spread-wing skippers). Other subfamilies include Coeliadinae, Megathyminae, and Trapezitinae, among others. The taxonomy has been refined in recent years through molecular studies, but traditional groupings remain widely used.

Ecology and life history: Most skippers have caterpillars that feed on a range of plants, with many grass-feeders in Hesperiinae and other subfamilies utilizing legumes, woody plants, or herbaceous taxa. Adults typically nectar at flowers. Some species are highly host-plant specific, and others can be agricultural pests on grasses or crops such as sugarcane and maize. Skippers contribute to pollination and are indicators of habitat quality in many ecosystems.