butterfly

Butterflies are insects in the order Lepidoptera, a group that also includes moths. They are distinguished by their brightly colored wings, which are covered with microscopic scales. Most butterfly species are diurnal, meaning they are active during the day, and they inhabit a wide range of habitats from tropical forests to temperate meadows.

Adult butterflies typically have two pairs of wings, with patterns that serve for camouflage, mate attraction, and warning. Their clubbed antennae and thin bodies are common features. A long, coiled proboscis is used to feed on nectar, though some individuals also consume sap, fruit, or animal secretions. The wings and sensory cues also help them avoid predators through mimicking or startling patterns.

Butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult. Eggs are usually laid on specific host plants. Caterpillars feed to grow, often on leaves of these plants, sometimes engaging in specialized plant relationships. The chrysalis stage surrounds the developing butterfly, and upon emergence, adults expand and dry their wings before flying.

Ecology and behavior vary by species. Many rely on particular host plants for reproduction, and adults frequently play a role in pollination. Color patterns can provide camouflage or warn predators; some species exhibit mimicry. Some butterflies undertake long-distance migrations, such as the monarchs of North America.

Butterflies occur worldwide, with greatest diversity in the tropics. They face threats from habitat loss, pesticides, and climate change, and conservation efforts focus on protecting habitats and the plants on which they rely. Notable examples include the monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the blue morphos of tropical regions.