PHVs

PHVs, or plug-in hybrid vehicles, are a class of hybrid electric vehicles that can be recharged from an external power source. They combine an internal combustion engine with one or more electric motors and a larger battery than conventional hybrids, allowing part of the driving to be done on electricity from the grid. When the battery is depleted, the gasoline engine provides propulsion, enabling extended range without the need to stop for charging.

Technology and operation work in multiple modes. In electric mode, the car can run on the electric motor alone for a limited distance. In hybrid mode, both power sources assist depending on driving conditions and battery state of charge. Regenerative braking helps recover energy to the battery. Battery sizes for PHVs typically range from about 8 kWh to 18 kWh, yielding electric ranges commonly around 20 to 60 miles (30–100 kilometers) depending on the model and usage. Real-world efficiency depends on driving patterns, climate, and electricity source.

Charging and infrastructure: PHVs support Level 1 (standard household) and Level 2 (higher-power) AC charging, with typical charging times from several hours to overnight. DC fast charging is less common on PHVs compared with battery-electric vehicles, and not all models support it.

Market position and considerations: PHVs are often marketed as a transitional technology between traditional hybrids and full battery-electric vehicles. They can reduce tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption in daily driving while maintaining gasoline range for longer trips. Higher upfront cost and battery weight are common trade-offs, and overall benefits depend on charging availability and electricity emissions.

Examples of widely sold PHVs include the Toyota Prius Prime, Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in, Kia Niro Plug-in, and Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV.