Overheated

Overheated is a term used to describe an object or system whose temperature has risen beyond its safe operating range. In engineering and electronics, an overheating condition occurs when heat generation exceeds the capacity for dissipation, causing temperature to rise. In humans and animals, overheating refers to an inability to regulate body temperature, often due to environmental heat, exertion, or illness, and can lead to heat-related illnesses.

Causes include excessive power or energy input, blocked or inefficient cooling, dust or debris in vents or heat exchangers, malfunctioning fans or thermostats, poor thermal design, and high ambient temperatures. Operating at high load or during prolonged use without adequate cooling can trigger thermal buildup. In engines, improper lubrication or failed cooling systems can accelerate overheating.

Effects and risks: Component wear, lubricant or coolant degradation, thermal expansion and mechanical stress, solder joint fatigue, insulation damage, reduced efficiency, and in extreme cases fire or catastrophic failure. Electronic components may experience thermal runaway or reduced life. In vehicles, overheating can cause coolant loss, head gasket damage, or engine seizure. In people, overheating can progress to heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke if not addressed.

Detection and mitigation: Monitoring systems use temperature sensors, thermal cutoffs, and alarms to detect overheating. Prevention includes adequate cooling with fans, heatsinks, liquid cooling, proper ventilation, clean filters, and ambient cooling. Design strategies include thermal throttling, automatic shutdown, and safe operating margins. Operators should reduce load, stop activity if safe, and investigate blocked vents, coolant leaks, or faulty sensors.