Osteoartrose

Osteoartrose, also called osteoarthritis, is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive loss of articular cartilage and structural changes of the adjacent bone. It is the most common form of arthritis and typically develops with aging, though risk factors such as joint injury, obesity, repetitive joint stress, and genetics contribute. The condition is usually chronic and primarily affects weight‑bearing joints and the hands.

Pathophysiology involves mechanical overload and biochemical changes that degrade articular cartilage, leading to joint space narrowing. Subchondral bone becomes sclerotic, osteophytes form at joint margins, and synovial inflammation may occur, particularly in later stages. Pain and stiffness result from cartilage loss, bone remodeling, and altered joint mechanics.

Osteoartrose typically presents with joint pain that worsens with use and improves with rest, along with morning stiffness lasting less than 30 minutes. Signs may include reduced range of motion, joint swelling, crepitus, and bony enlargements near the joints. Affected joints commonly include the knees, hips, hands (especially the base of the thumb and finger joints), and the spine.

Diagnosis combines clinical assessment and imaging. X‑rays reveal joint space narrowing, osteophyte formation, and subchondral sclerosis; MRI may be used for early disease or complex cases. Laboratory tests help exclude inflammatory or septic arthritis when symptoms are atypical.

Management is multidisciplinary and focuses on symptom relief and function. Non‑pharmacologic measures include weight management, exercise, physical therapy, and assistive devices. Pharmacologic options include acetaminophen and NSAIDs, with topical preparations. Intra‑articular corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections may help certain joints. When conservative measures fail or in severe disease, joint replacement or realignment surgery may be indicated.