Noseeums

Noseeums, also known as biting midges, are tiny flies in the family Ceratopogonidae. They are among the smallest biting insects, typically about 0.2 to 3 millimeters in length, which makes them easy to overlook even when present. Female midges feed on blood to develop eggs, while males feed on nectar, and both sexes are commonly found in damp environments.

Habitat and life cycle regions: Noseeums breed in moist soil, decaying vegetation, and shallow or standing water such as wetlands, marshes, riverbanks, and coastal areas. Larvae develop in these aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats, and adult populations can surge in warm, humid conditions. They are often most active at dawn and dusk, and their activity is reduced by wind.

Biting behavior and impact: The bites of females produce immediate irritation and itching, sometimes resulting in localized swelling or dermatitis. They are known for forming dense swarms that can deter outdoor activity. While bites are mainly a nuisance to people, noseeums can also impact livestock and wildlife by causing stress, reduced feeding, and potential production losses.

Disease and vectors: Noseeums are vectors for a range of pathogens in some regions, notably viruses and parasites that affect livestock, such as bluetongue virus and other Culicoides-borne pathogens. Transmission to humans is not common, and no widespread human disease is routinely linked to noseeums in most areas. The role of noseeums as disease vectors varies by species and geography.

Control and prevention: Reducing standing water and moist breeding sites, using fine-mesh screens, wearing protective clothing, and applying approved repellents (such as DEET or picaridin) can help deter bites. In agricultural settings, managing water and using targeted insecticides or larvicides may reduce vector populations.