Ceratopogonidae

The Ceratopogonidae family, commonly known as biting midges or no-see-ums, is a small but widespread group of small, biting insects belonging to the order Diptera. These flies are notable for their tiny size, often measuring between 1 and 5 millimeters in length, and their slender, elongated bodies. They are part of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae, which includes the majority of species within the family.

Ceratopogonidae are primarily found in moist environments, including forests, wetlands, and near water sources such as ponds, lakes, and streams. They are known for their ability to thrive in a variety of climates, from tropical regions to temperate zones, though some species are more prevalent in warmer areas. The adults are often weak fliers, preferring to rest on vegetation or human skin, where they feed on blood from mammals, birds, and occasionally reptiles.

The larvae of Ceratopogonidae are aquatic and play a role in the ecosystem by contributing to the food chain. They are commonly found in freshwater habitats, where they feed on organic matter and detritus. Some species are known to cause irritation or allergic reactions in humans, particularly when they bite and feed on blood.

Despite their small size, Ceratopogonidae can be a nuisance due to their persistent biting habits. Their bites are often itchy and may lead to localized skin reactions. Some species are also vectors for diseases, including onchocerciasis, a parasitic disease caused by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus, which can lead to severe skin and eye damage.

Research into Ceratopogonidae continues to focus on their ecological roles, their role in disease transmission, and their impact on human health. Understanding these insects is crucial for managing their populations and mitigating the risks they pose.