Mudskippers

Mudskippers are a group of amphibious fish in the goby family that spend much of their lives in intertidal habitats such as mudflats, mangroves, and estuaries. They are classified in the subfamily Oxudercinae and include several genera, notably Periophthalmus and Boleophthalmus. Their amphibious lifestyle arises from a combination of morphological and physiological adaptations that allow them to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial environments.

Physically, mudskippers have compact bodies with eyes positioned high on the head that can move independently, providing a broad view of predators and prey. Their pectoral fins are well developed and used to crawl over wet mud; many species can leap short distances. To stay out of water, mudskippers breathe air through their moist skin and the lining of their mouth and gills, and they must keep their skin moist to prevent desiccation.

Ecology and behavior: Mudskippers feed mainly on algae, detritus, and small invertebrates found on mudflats and in shallow waters. They are diurnal or crepuscular and can be territorial, defending burrows or prized feeding sites from rivals.

Reproduction: Breeding involves males guarding eggs laid by females in burrows; in some species, eggs are carried in the mouth or gill chambers to keep them moist until hatching. Larvae typically develop in water, but juveniles quickly use both habitats.

Distribution and conservation: Mudskippers are found in tropical and subtropical shores of Africa, Asia, and Oceania. They are adapted to fluctuating tides, but habitat loss, pollution, and mangrove destruction threaten some species. Overall, they remain widespread, though local populations may be at risk.