Mikrocontroller

A microcontroller (MCU) is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation within an embedded system. It typically combines a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals on a single chip. Unlike general-purpose microprocessors, MCUs are optimized for low power consumption, small size, and low cost, making them ideal for dedicated control tasks.

A typical MCU includes a CPU core, non-volatile memory for program code (often flash), volatile memory for data (RAM), and a variety of peripherals such as timers, PWM outputs, analog-to-digital converters, and communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C). It also provides general-purpose I/O pins and a clock source. Some devices add features like DACs, comparators, crypto engines, or LCD drivers.

Architecture often involves a simple, energy-efficient core. Many MCUs use Harvard or von Neumann memory organization and a RISC-inspired instruction set. Programs usually execute from flash memory, with data stored in RAM. Development tools typically include C or assembly compilers, integrated development environments, debuggers, and in-circuit programmers. Power management features, including sleep modes and multiple power domains, are common for battery-powered designs.

Applications span consumer electronics, appliances, automotive systems, industrial automation, medical devices, and IoT sensors. MCUs provide real-time control, basic signal processing, and decision making within constrained resource environments, often forming the backbone of embedded systems.

Common families include ARM Cortex-M based MCUs (STM32, NXP LPC, TI), AVR, PIC, 8051 derivatives, and specialized devices with wireless or security capabilities.