Leder

Leder is the German word for leather. In English-language contexts, leather refers to a durable material produced by tanning animal hides and skins. Leather is valued for strength, flexibility, and wear resistance, with hides from cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats among the most common sources. The production involves cleaning, fleshing, and tanning to convert proteins into a stable, decay-resistant material.

Tanning methods vary. Vegetable tanning uses tannins from tree bark and other plant sources to produce firm leather that ages with patina, often used for traditional goods. Chrome tanning uses chromium salts to yield softer, more water-resistant leather suitable for fashion and upholstery; other methods include aldehyde and oil tanning, each imparting different characteristics. Finishing steps may involve buffing, coating, waterproofing, and dyeing.

Types and finishes include full-grain leather, which preserves the natural grain; top-grain leather, which is shaved and sanded; corrected-grain leather, which is embossed to imitate grain. Nubuck and suede are buffed to create a nap or fuzzy surface. Patent leather has a high-gloss finish. Bonded leather is a composite product made from shredded leather fibers bonded with binders and is not considered true leather by all standards.

Uses span footwear, belts, wallets, bags, upholstery, furniture, and car interiors. Leather has a long history, with tanning techniques evolving from ancient craft to modern industry, contributing to cultural and economic practices across many regions.

Sustainability concerns focus on chemical use, water and energy demand, and animal welfare. Chromium-based tanning raises environmental and health questions, while vegetable tanning and responsible sourcing are presented as more eco-friendly options. The market also includes leather alternatives and innovations in recycling and waste reduction.