Kompozita

Kompozita, or composite materials, are materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical properties that remain distinct within the finished object. When combined, these constituents produce a material with characteristics superior to the individual components, often including higher strength-to-weight ratio, greater stiffness, or improved thermal and chemical resistance. The typical composite consists of a matrix (binder) and a reinforcement (fibers or particles). The matrix transfers loads to the reinforcement and protects it from environmental damage, while the reinforcement carries most of the mechanical load.

Common classes are polymer matrix composites (PMCs), metal matrix composites (MMCs), and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Common reinforcements include glass, carbon, or aramid fibers, as well as mineral whiskers and particles. The interface between matrix and reinforcement is critical for load transfer and durability.

Manufacturing methods vary by type and geometry and include lay-up and resin transfer molding for PMCs, filament winding, pultrusion, extrusion, casting, and hot isostatic pressing for MMCs and CMCs. Processing conditions affect orientation, void content, and the quality of the matrix–reinforcement bond.

Advantages of kompozita include high specific strength and stiffness, design flexibility, corrosion resistance, and the ability to tailor properties for specific applications. Disadvantages include relatively high cost, complex manufacturing, anisotropy, and recycling or disposal challenges.

Applications span aerospace, automotive, wind energy, marine, construction (reinforced concrete), sports equipment, and consumer electronics. The field has evolved since the mid-20th century, with ongoing research to improve toughness, damage tolerance, and sustainability.