Inactivity

Inactivity is the state of minimal engagement in activities, particularly physical activity. It can refer to physical inactivity, defined as not meeting recommended levels of exercise, and is distinct from rest or sleep.

Physical inactivity manifests as prolonged sedentary time, few or no structured workouts, and may be facilitated by disability or illness. Inactivity can also be social (limited social participation) or cognitive (low engagement in mentally stimulating tasks), though these are less uniformly defined than physical inactivity.

Causes include environmental and societal factors such as unsafe neighborhoods, lack of sidewalks or recreational spaces, long work hours, and reliance on vehicles, as well as individual factors like age, chronic disease, disability, and cultural norms.

Health and social effects: physical inactivity is linked to higher risks of obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, musculoskeletal decline, and adverse mental health outcomes; it can also contribute to social isolation and reduced quality of life.

Measurement and guidelines: health authorities often specify weekly activity targets (for adults around 150 minutes of moderate activity, plus muscle-strengthening exercises). Inactivity is commonly assessed by self-report questionnaires or accelerometer data.

Interventions: approaches to reduce inactivity include improving access to safe walking and cycling infrastructure, promoting active breaks in workplaces, schools, public campaigns, and programs that support physical activity for people with disabilities or chronic conditions.