Implantaatin

Implantaatin (Finnish for implant) refers to a class of medical devices placed inside or on the body to replace missing tissue, support damaged structures, monitor or deliver therapy, or enhance function. Implants are designed to remain in place for extended periods and may interact with surrounding tissue through processes such as osseointegration or tissue integration. They are used across dentistry, orthopedics, neurology, cardiology, and other medical fields.

Common categories include dental implants (titanium or zirconia anchors implanted in the jaw to support prosthetic teeth), orthopedic implants (screws, plates, rods, joint replacements), neural implants (electrodes for recording or stimulation), cochlear implants (inner-ear electrodes with an external processor), and cardiac devices (pacemakers and defibrillators). There are also drug-eluting and biodegradable implants.

Implants are typically made from biocompatible materials such as titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium, stainless steel, ceramics, or polymers. Surfaces may be engineered to promote bonding with bone or tissue, reduce infection risk, or deliver drugs. Design and manufacturing follow strict standards, and sterilization is required before implantation to minimize infection.

Regulatory oversight varies by country but generally involves premarket testing, clinical evaluation, and post-market surveillance. Benefits include restored function, reduced pain, and improved quality of life, while risks include infection, inflammation, device loosening or failure, allergic reactions, and hardware malfunction. Ongoing research explores longer-lasting materials, bioactive coatings, smart implants with sensors, and less invasive implantation methods.