Immobilisierungsmethoden

Immobilization is the medical practice of restricting movement of a body part to protect a fracture, stabilize a surgical repair, or reduce pain and swelling during healing. It may be temporary or long-term and is used in humans and animals. The goal is to create an environment that supports bone and soft tissue healing while minimizing further injury.

Methods of immobilization include external and internal approaches. External methods comprise casts made of plaster or synthetic materials, splints, braces, and slings that hold the affected area in a fixed position. Internal immobilization involves surgical fixation, using pins, plates, screws, or rods to stabilize a fracture from inside the body. Immobilization can be combined with other treatments such as traction, physical therapy, or pain management.

Indications for immobilization include acute fractures, dislocations, severe sprains, and after certain surgical procedures to allow tissues to heal. It is tailored to the injury, patient age, and overall health. Contraindications or cautions may arise when immobilization could impede circulation, cause infection, worsen neural compromise, or prevent necessary diagnostic evaluation.

The duration of immobilization depends on factors such as the location and type of injury, patient age, and healing response. Children typically heal faster than adults, while fractures near joints or in dense bones may require longer immobilization. Regular clinical and radiographic assessments guide the course, with a planned transition to mobility and rehabilitation as healing progresses.

Potential complications include skin irritation or breakdown under casts or splints, moisture-related skin problems, muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, rhythm or swelling changes, and, in immobilization of the lower limb, an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Proper monitoring, cast care, and timely removal followed by rehabilitation help mitigate these risks.