Hipotermi

Hipotermi, or hypothermia, is a medical condition in which the body's core temperature falls below the normal range, typically below 35°C (95°F). Normal core temperature is about 36.5–37.5°C. Hypothermia is classified as mild (32–35°C), moderate (28–32°C), and severe (<28°C). It results from prolonged exposure to cold air or water and can be worsened by wet clothing, wind, exhaustion, malnutrition, aging, or certain medical or intoxicating states.

Risk factors include prolonged outdoor exposure in cold climates, homelessness, advanced age, alcohol or drug use, and underlying medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or thyroid disorders. Immersion in cold water is a common cause of rapid temperature loss. Early signs often include intense shivering and rapid heart rate; as temperature falls, shivering may stop, and confusion, impaired coordination, slurred speech, or drowsiness may develop. Severe hypothermia can lead to markedly reduced consciousness, slow or irregular breathing, and very weak or absent pulse.

Diagnosis relies on measuring core body temperature and assessing clinical signs. Management aims to rewarm the body gradually while supporting vital functions. In mild cases, move the person to a warm, dry place, remove wet clothing, insulate with blankets, monitor, and provide warm drinks if alert. For moderate to severe cases, seek emergency care. Hospital treatment may include passive external warming (blankets, hats), active external warming, and active internal warming with warmed IV fluids or warmed breathable air; continuous monitoring is essential due to the risk of arrhythmias. Gentle handling is advised to avoid triggering cardiac events.

Prevention focuses on proper clothing, staying dry, shelter from wind, avoiding alcohol in cold conditions, and planning for safety during outdoor activities. The prognosis depends on duration of exposure, underlying health, and how quickly rewarming occurs.