Hillstreams
Hillstreams refers to streams that originate in hilly or upland terrain and are studied as a distinct habitat class in freshwater ecology. They are typically fast-flowing, with steep gradients and cold, well-oxygenated water. The streambed is often gravel or cobble, producing riffles and runs that sustain high dissolved oxygen levels and dynamic habitat structure.
Geographically, hillstreams occur in upland regions worldwide, from temperate mountain ranges to tropical highlands. They often
Ecologically, hillstreams host communities adapted to strong currents and variable flows. Invertebrate groups such as mayflies,
Hydrology is characterized by high energy and variability. Discharge can fluctuate with season and weather, and
Threats and conservation efforts focus on protecting riparian buffers, restoring gravel-bed habitats, and maintaining cold-water connectivity