Glaukoomaa

Glaukoomaa is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, typically linked to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). In some cases, optic damage occurs despite normal IOP. Without treatment, the condition causes progressive, permanent vision loss and is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.

The most common forms are primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Other forms include normal-tension glaucoma and secondary glaucomas caused by trauma, inflammation, medications, or systemic diseases.

Risk factors include age, family history, ethnicity (higher risk in people of African descent), raised IOP, myopia, and chronic diseases such as diabetes or hypertension. Early glaucoma usually has no symptoms; vision loss begins with peripheral fields and progresses gradually. Acute PACG presents with pain, headache, halos around lights, a reddened eye, nausea, and rapid vision loss.

Diagnosis relies on regular eye exams that measure IOP, examine the optic nerve, and test the visual field. Imaging of the optic nerve can aid assessment. Treatment aims to lower IOP and protect vision, using eye drops, oral medications, laser therapy, or surgery. Adherence and ongoing monitoring are essential, as treatment is typically lifelong. Vision loss is often preventable with early intervention, but not reversible if damage has occurred.

Prognosis varies with disease type and severity. With timely management, progression can often be slowed, reducing the risk of significant visual impairment. Regular screenings and attention to risk factors are important, especially for older adults and those with a family history of glaucoma.