Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage is a specialized connective tissue that combines features of dense connective tissue and cartilage. It contains chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix rich in collagen, predominantly type I collagen, with variable amounts of type II collagen and proteoglycans. The collagen fibers are arranged in dense bundles parallel to the direction of mechanical stress, giving fibrocartilage substantial tensile strength. The tissue generally lacks a perichondrium and is relatively avascular in its deeper regions, contributing to a limited capacity for repair.

Fibrocartilage is found in sites subjected to both compressive and shear forces. Key locations include the annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, the menisci of the knee, the temporomandibular joint disc, and the pubic symphysis. It also forms at tendon and ligament insertions where high tensile loading occurs. The tissue serves to distribute loads, stabilize joints, and resist both tearing and deformation.

Function and clinical relevance are closely linked to its structure. By blending toughness with some cartilaginous resilience, fibrocartilage acts as a shock absorber and stabilizer in joints and along load-bearing interfaces. Its limited vascularity and lack of a true perichondrium contribute to slow or incomplete healing after injury. Clinical conditions involving fibrocartilage include meniscal tears and degenerative disc disease, where damage can lead to joint pain and functional impairment.