Epicondylalgia

Epicondylalgia refers to a group of painful conditions affecting the lateral or medial epicondyles of the elbow, commonly known as lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) and medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow). These conditions involve inflammation or microtears in the tendons that connect the forearm muscles to the bony prominences on the outer (lateral) or inner (medial) side of the elbow. While traditionally described as inflammatory, modern research suggests that degenerative changes rather than acute inflammation are often responsible for the pain.

Lateral epicondylalgia, or tennis elbow, primarily affects the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon and surrounding structures. It is frequently associated with repetitive wrist extension movements, such as those seen in sports like tennis, manual labor, or computer use. Symptoms typically include localized pain and tenderness over the lateral epicondyle, which may radiate down the forearm. Weakness in gripping or extending the wrist can also occur.

Medial epicondylalgia, or golfer’s elbow, involves the tendons of the flexor-pronator muscle group on the inner elbow. It is often linked to repetitive gripping, flexing, or pronation motions, such as those in golf, throwing sports, or activities requiring strong forearm control. Pain is usually felt on the inner side of the elbow, sometimes extending into the forearm. Stiffness and reduced forearm flexibility may also be present.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on physical examination and patient history. Imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRI, are generally not required unless other conditions, like arthritis or fractures, are suspected. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms and restoring function, often involving rest, activity modification, physical therapy, and stretching exercises. In severe or persistent cases, corticosteroid injections or surgical intervention may be considered.

Prevention involves maintaining proper technique during repetitive activities, using ergonomic tools, and incorporating warm-up and strengthening exercises. Early intervention and gradual return to activity help minimize recurrence. While the condition can be persistent, most individuals experience improvement with conservative management.