Energiunderskudd

Energiunderskudd, or negative energy balance, is a condition in which energy intake from food and drinks is lower than the body’s energy expenditure over a period of time. This imbalance forces the body to use stored energy, primarily from fat and, to a lesser extent, lean tissue, to meet metabolic needs.

Persistent energiunderskudd can lead to weight loss, reduced muscle mass, and metabolic adaptations that may lower resting energy expenditure. Other potential consequences include fatigue, dizziness, impaired concentration, weakened immune function, and, in women, menstrual disturbances. The specific effects depend on the duration and magnitude of the deficit, as well as the individual’s health status and nutritional reserves.

Causes vary and can include intentional dieting, eating disorders, chronic illness or pain, malabsorption, high physical activity with inadequate food intake, or socio-economic factors that limit access to sufficient calories. In sports and fitness, energy deficits may be deliberate for weight management, but prolonged deficits can impair performance and recovery.

Assessment typically involves estimating energy intake through dietary assessment and estimating energy expenditure via metabolic rate and activity level, along with clinical measurements such as weight, body composition, and laboratory markers. Management focuses on correcting the deficit by increasing energy intake, preferably through nutrient-dense foods to ensure adequate protein, vitamins, and minerals. In severe cases, professional supervision is advised to prevent complications such as refeeding problems or nutrient deficiencies. Public health concerns related to energiunderskudd are often linked to food insecurity and related nutritional malnutrition.