Cravings

Cravings are intense, focused desires for a specific substance or experience, most commonly a particular type of food but also including non-food items such as tobacco or alcohol. They differ from general hunger or appetite in being highly specific and short-lived, often driven by emotional states, learned cues, or reward-related brain pathways.

Types of cravings include food cravings—often for sweet, fatty, or salty items—and non-food cravings such as nicotine, caffeine, or drugs. Cravings for nutrients or textures can also occur, though these are less well defined.

Causes and mechanisms are thought to involve interactions between homeostatic and hedonic systems in the brain. Reward circuits, particularly those involving dopamine, can be activated by sensory cues (smell, sight, advertisements) or stress, strong emotions, and dieting practices that restrict intake. Hormonal signals, sleep quality, and nutritional status can modulate craving intensity. Conditioning and habit formation link everyday cues (times of day, locations) to craving episodes.

Clinical relevance varies. Cravings are common in dieting, obesity, eating disorders, and substance use disorders and can lead to maladaptive eating or substance use if unmanaged. They can be assessed through self-report measures and are considered in treatment planning.

Management approaches emphasize practical strategies such as regular balanced meals with protein and fiber, adequate sleep, stress management, and mindfulness. Cognitive-behavioral techniques, cue exposure, and environmental modifications may help reduce the impact of cravings. In cases where cravings contribute to disordered behavior, professional evaluation and evidence-based therapies are recommended. Related topics include appetite, hunger, food addiction, and eating disorders.