Cowry

Cowry is the common name for marine gastropods in the family Cypraeidae. The shells are typically smooth, oval to elongated, with a narrow, toothed aperture. They are highly polished, often brightly patterned, and sought by collectors. The living animal can extend its mantle over the shell, preserving its shine.

Distribution and habitat: Cowries are found in tropical and subtropical seas worldwide, with greatest diversity in the Indo-Pacific. They inhabit shallow, sheltered areas such as rocky shores, coral reefs, and seagrass beds, usually in crevices or under ledges, and many are nocturnal.

Morphology and reproduction: The shell is thick and has a long, narrow aperture with teeth along the inner margin. The dorsum is smooth, glossy, and often features a distinctive color pattern. Reproduction involves release of eggs and sperm into the water; larvae develop as free-swimming veligers.

Diet and behavior: Most cowries graze on algae and biofilm or prey on encrusting organisms; some species feed on sponges or coral polyps. They are typically slow-moving and nocturnal, hiding by day.

Taxonomy and notable species: The family Cypraeidae contains many genera, including Monetaria, Lyncina, and Erosaria. Notable species include the money cowry Monetaria moneta and the tiger cowry Cypraea tigris.

Human use and culture: Cowry shells have long been used as currency and as ornament, jewelry, and beads. The money cowry, in particular, was historically used as currency in parts of Africa and Asia. Shells are also used in art and decorative items.

Conservation: Collecting, habitat loss, and overharvesting threaten some species. Many cowries are not globally threatened, but regional populations can decline; regulations and sustainable collection practices exist in some areas.