margin

Margin is a term used across disciplines to describe space, difference, or reserve. In general usage, it refers to the blank border around content or the amount by which one value exceeds another.

In geometry and measurement, a margin can denote the distance from a boundary or the amount by which a measurement surpasses a standard. In engineering and design, a margin of safety describes a reserve intended to accommodate uncertainty or adverse conditions.

In printing, publishing, and word processing, margins are the blank spaces around the text on a page. They define top, bottom, left, and right borders and affect readability, layout, and how much content can fit on a page or in a column.

In finance and accounting, margin conveys profitability and leverage. Gross margin is revenue minus the cost of goods sold. Operating margin is operating income divided by revenue. Net margin is net income divided by revenue. Margin can also mean the funds borrowed from a broker to purchase securities, with a margin requirement outlining the minimum collateral. Margin trading heightens potential gains and losses and can trigger a margin call if collateral falls below required levels.

In statistics, the margin of error expresses the range within which the true population parameter is expected to lie, given a specified confidence level. Margin thus captures uncertainty in estimates from samples.

Other uses include marginalia, or notes written in the margins of a manuscript, and policy discussions of margins of victory or margins of concession in competitive contexts. The term’s core idea is the edge, reserve, or difference that helps define boundaries and risk.