tigris

The Tigris is a major river in Western Asia, one of the two great waterways that define the region of Mesopotamia, together with the Euphrates. It flows through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq and has played a central role in the history, ecology, and economies of the area for thousands of years.

Originating in the eastern Taurus mountains of Turkey, the river runs southeast across the Turkish plateau and into Iraq, passing the cities of Diyarbakır, Mosul, and Baghdad, before joining the Euphrates near al-Qurnah and draining into the Persian Gulf via the Shatt al-Arab. The river’s length is commonly given as around 3,000 kilometers (about 1,900 miles).

Hydrology and environment: The Tigris has a highly seasonal flow, with spring floods and summer declines in discharge. It carries substantial sediment and supports irrigation for extensive agriculture in its basin. The river has been dammed for flood control, hydroelectric power, and water supply; notable structures include the Mosul Dam in Iraq and the Ilisu Dam projects in Turkey. Water management in the Tigris basin remains a focal point of regional cooperation and tension among Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.

Historical and cultural significance: The Tigris Valley hosted several ancient civilizations, including the Assyrians and Babylonians, with important cities such as Ninawa (Nineveh) along its banks. The river's irrigation networks and trade routes were central to the development of Mesopotamian societies.

Contemporary issues: The basin faces challenges from climate change, overuse, and pollution, threatening water security in an arid region. Governance, dam safety, and cross-border water rights have been prominent concerns in recent decades.