Conocephalum

Conocephalum is a genus of liverworts belonging to the family Conocephalaceae. These plants are thallose liverworts, meaning their body is a flattened, ribbon-like structure called a thallus, rather than differentiated into stems and leaves. Conocephalum species are commonly found in moist, shaded environments, often growing on damp soil, rocks, or along the edges of water bodies. They are widespread across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

The most distinctive feature of Conocephalum is the texture and appearance of its thallus. It is typically broad, flat, and segmented, with a somewhat leathery feel. The surface of the thallus is often marked by a network of raised lines, giving it a reticulate appearance. This reticulation is a key characteristic used in identification. Conocephalum also emits a characteristic odor, often described as strong or pungent, when bruised, which can aid in recognition.

Reproduction in Conocephalum involves both asexual and sexual methods. Asexual reproduction occurs through fragmentation of the thallus or by specialized structures called gemmae, which are produced in cup-like receptacles on the thallus surface. Sexual reproduction involves the development of antheridia (male reproductive organs) and archegonia (female reproductive organs) on separate structures. The sporophyte generation, which develops from the fertilized egg, is typically small and inconspicuous.

A well-known species within the genus is Conocephalum conicum, often referred to as great scented liverwort or common funnel-cup liverwort. This species is widely distributed and easily recognizable by its broad, segmented thallus and its strong, distinctive smell. Conocephalum plays a role in its ecosystem by contributing to soil stabilization and providing habitat for small invertebrates.