Cars

Cars, also automobiles, are wheeled motor vehicles designed for the transportation of passengers and goods on roads. Most cars have four wheels and are powered by internal combustion engines that burn fossil fuels, but many modern cars use electric motors or hybrid systems. Cars typically include a chassis or unibody frame, a body, a passenger compartment, and a powertrain that includes engine, transmission, drivetrain, and axles. Common propulsion arrangements include front-, rear-, and all-wheel drive. The typical configuration is a front-mounted engine with rear- or front-wheel drive.

The development began in the late 19th century with inventors such as Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. The Benz Patent-Motorwagen of 1886 is often cited as the first practical automobile. Mass production began in the early 20th century, notably with Henry Ford's moving assembly line for the Model T, which helped reduce costs and expand ownership. Later decades brought improvements in safety, comfort, and efficiency, and the introduction of diesel, turbocharged engines, and more advanced transmissions.

Cars vary in size and configuration, including sedans, hatchbacks, SUVs, coupes, convertibles, wagons, and minivans. They can be gasoline, diesel, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, battery electric, or hydrogen fuel cell powered. Modern cars incorporate safety systems such as airbags, anti-lock braking, stability control, and advanced driver-assistance features. The development of autonomous driving is ongoing.

Cars have shaped economies and urban form through mobility, manufacturing, and road networks. They influence energy demand, air quality, and land use, prompting emissions standards, safety requirements, and vehicle inspections in many countries. The market values performance, efficiency, and total cost of ownership, while ongoing innovations in materials, propulsion, and automation aim to increase safety and reduce environmental impact.