Atherosclerosisa

Atherosclerosisa is not a recognized medical term; it appears to be a misspelling of atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaques in arteries.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis, progressing from fatty streaks to fibrous plaques. Plaques can narrow the arterial lumen and may rupture, triggering thrombosis that can obstruct blood flow.

Plaques can cause a range of clinical problems depending on location. In the coronary arteries, they can lead to chest pain and heart attacks; in cerebral arteries, to transient ischemic attacks or strokes; and in peripheral arteries, to claudication and limb ischemia. The disease often develops over decades and may be asymptomatic until advanced.

Risk factors include high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, age, obesity, and family history. Modifiable lifestyle factors such as an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and poor glycemic control contribute to risk.

Diagnosis relies on risk assessment, lipid profiling, and imaging to assess plaque burden. Tests may include carotid ultrasound, coronary angiography, CT calcium scoring, and sometimes MRI, along with clinical evaluation.

Treatment emphasizes risk factor modification and may include statins to lower LDL cholesterol, antihypertensives, antiplatelet agents, and management of diabetes. In some cases, revascularization with percutaneous intervention or bypass surgery is required to restore adequate blood flow.

Prevention focuses on a healthy diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, weight management, and adherence to medical therapy. The prognosis is closely linked to risk factor control, timely diagnosis, and access to appropriate care.