Anisoptera

Anisoptera, commonly known as dragonflies, is one of the two living suborders of the order Odonata, the other being Zygoptera (damselflies). The suborder includes the majority of dragonfly species, distributed worldwide in habitats near water.

Morphology and behavior: Adults have large, rounded compound eyes that often touch at the top of the head; a robust, elongated body; wings with hindwings broader at the base that differ in size from the forewings. Most hold their wings open and flat when at rest or during flight, unlike damselflies that rest with wings folded along the body.

Life cycle: Anisopterans undergo incomplete metamorphosis. Females lay eggs in or near water; aquatic naiad larvae develop for months to years, breathing through rectal gills; final molt to winged adults occurs, and adults are aerial predators feeding on other flying insects.

Ecology and diversity: Dragonflies are voracious predators both as larvae and adults. They are important in controlling pest insects and serve as prey for birds, fish, and other animals. They occupy wetlands, rivers, ponds, and sometimes arid oases with temporary water bodies. The suborder includes several families, notably Libellulidae (skimmers), Aeshnidae (hawkers or darners), and Gomphidae (clubtails).

Evolution and conservation: The Anisoptera have a fossil record extending back to the Paleozoic. They are sensitive to water quality and habitat change, making them useful indicators of ecosystem health and highlighting the importance of wetland conservation.