zuhd

Zuhd is an Arabic term that denotes renunciation or detachment, particularly from excessive attachments to wealth, status, and worldly pleasures. In Islamic thought, it refers to a spiritual discipline aimed at prioritizing the remembrance of God and the concern for the afterlife over transient gains. Zuhd emphasizes contentment with what God provides, gratitude, and a lack of greed, while not necessarily forbidding all wealth or social engagement.

Historically, zuhds origin lies in early piety among Muslim ascetics and scholars such as Hasan al-Basri, who advocated restraint from extravagance and a focus on God. In Islamic mysticism (Sufism), zuhud becomes more clearly articulated as inner poverty before God and a cultivated distance from attachment to the material world. Later thinkers, including al-Ghazali in his Ihya ul-Din, treat zuhud as part of the ethical path: renunciation paired with right intention, while still fulfilling religious duties and benefiting others.

Practically, zuhud involves moderation, avoidance of wasteful or ostentatious living, and generous giving to those in need. It includes relying on God (tawakkul) and maintaining vigilance against greed and complacency. Importantly, it is framed as a spiritual orientation rather than a rejection of social life or obligation; excessive withdrawal can be criticized if it impedes duties toward family, neighbors, or the community.

In contemporary usage, zuhud remains an ideal in many Islamic traditions, associated with simple living and spiritual focus. It is interpreted and applied in various ways, reflecting different ethical emphases within Islam.