gratitude

Gratitude is a positive emotional state and a general orientation toward noticing and appreciating the good things in life, often in response to the kindness or benefit of others. The word comes from the Latin gratitūdo, from gratus meaning pleasing or grateful.

In psychology, gratitude is studied as both an emotion and a dispositional trait that contributes to well-being. It is associated with positive affect, life satisfaction, and social functioning, and is linked to better sleep and lower burnout. Researchers such as Robert Emmons and Michael McCullough have developed measures like the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6) to assess trait gratitude, while daily measures capture momentary experiences of thankfulness.

Socially, expressing gratitude can strengthen relationships, increase prosocial behavior, and promote reciprocal generosity. Gratitude fosters cooperation, reduces aggression, and enhances social support, contributing to more supportive interpersonal networks.

Culturally and religiously, expressions of gratitude vary. Many traditions frame gratitude as a virtue or duty—thanking benefactors, acknowledging luck, or offering blessings. Cultural norms influence whom people thank and how publicly gratitude is shown, affecting both personal practice and social expectations.

Practices to cultivate gratitude include journaling about things one is grateful for, writing thank-you notes, mindful reflection, and performing intentional acts of kindness. Such practices are used in education and therapy to support well-being and resilience.

Limitations and potential cautions include the risk of performative or obligatory gratitude that masks legitimate grievances or needs. Gratitude should be balanced with honest appraisal of circumstances and, when necessary, attention to structural factors that influence one’s life.