zit

A zit, commonly known as a pimple, is a small inflamed lesion of the skin that often appears on the face, chest, or back. It typically arises when a pore becomes clogged with sebum (skin oil) and dead skin cells, creating an environment in which bacteria can proliferate and provoke inflammation.

Lesions vary in appearance and severity. A whitehead forms when a pore is closed by oil and dead cells; a blackhead occurs when the pore is open and surface material oxidizes; a pustule is a pus-filled lesion; and nodules or cysts are larger, deeper, and more painful lesions. Zits are most common during adolescence but can affect people of all ages.

Causes and risk factors include increased sebum production driven by hormones (notably during puberty), abnormal shedding of skin cells in hair follicles, and the presence of bacteria such as Cutibacterium acnes. Other contributing factors include hormonal fluctuations, stress, certain medications, and what is often described as comedogenic cosmetics or heavy skin products, as well as friction from clothing or helmets.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on appearance and location. Treatment depends on severity and may include gentle cleansing, noncomedogenic moisturizers, and avoidance of picking. Over-the-counter options such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and topical retinoids (e.g., adapalene) can help mild cases. For more persistent or moderate to severe acne, topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, hormonal therapies for women, or isotretinoin may be considered under medical supervision. Early treatment can reduce the risk of scarring and discoloration.

Prevention focuses on maintaining clean skin, using noncomedogenic products, avoiding heavy or occlusive makeup, and resisting squeezing or picking at lesions. Scarring and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation can occur, particularly with severe or untreated acne.