ultrasonografia

Ultrasonografia, or ultrasonography, is a medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow. A transducer emits sound waves and receives echoes reflected by bodily structures; a computer compiles these echoes into real-time images displayed on a monitor. Because it uses non-ionizing sound waves, ultrasonography is generally considered safe and can be performed at the point of care.

Modern ultrasonography includes several modalities. Grayscale (2D) imaging provides anatomical views, while Doppler techniques assess movement and direction of blood flow, often shown as color or spectral graphs. Three-dimensional or four-dimensional imaging adds volumetric data and motion. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound may use microbubble agents to improve visualization in certain organs. Ultrasonography can be performed with portable equipment, allowing bedside assessment in various clinical settings.

Common indications span many specialties. In obstetrics and gynecology, it monitors fetal development and pregnancy anatomy. In abdominal and pelvic medicine, it examines liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Cardiac ultrasonography (echocardiography) evaluates heart structure and function, while vascular ultrasound assesses arteries and veins. It is also used in thyroid, breast, scrotal, and musculoskeletal imaging, and as guidance for interventional procedures such as biopsies or drain placements.

Advantages include safety, lack of ionizing radiation, cost-effectiveness, and real-time results. Limitations involve operator dependency, patient factors such as obesity or gas that degrade image quality, and reduced visualization where bones or air impede the view.