turnstone

Turnstone is the common name for three closely related shorebird species in the genus Arenaria, family Scolopacidae. They are medium-sized waders known for a distinctive feeding behavior: they flip stones, shells, and other debris along coastlines to uncover hidden invertebrates. All turnstones have compact bodies, relatively short necks, and stout bills suited to probing and overturning objects.

Ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) is the most widespread. It breeds in Arctic and subarctic regions and migrates to coastal areas worldwide in winter, including beaches and mudflats. In breeding plumage it shows bold patterning and bright legs, especially in males. Nonbreeding adults and juveniles are more mottled and subdued in color.

Black turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala) is primarily a Pacific Coast of North America species. It has darker plumage overall, with a more uniform back compared with the ruddy turnstone. It favors rocky shores and tidal zones during both breeding and wintering periods, where it continues the characteristic habit of turning over objects to find prey.

Hudsonian turnstone (Arenaria hudsonia) breeds in the Arctic regions of North America and winters along North American Atlantic and Caribbean coasts. It is similar in behavior to the other turnstones but occupies a somewhat more restricted breeding range.

Diet across species consists mainly of invertebrates such as crustaceans, mollusks, and insects, supplemented by carrion and plant matter in some areas. Reproduction involves ground nests with small clutches, incubated by both parents, with precocial chicks that rapidly become independent. Conservation status varies regionally, but the group is generally common along suitable coastal habitats.