winters

Winter is the coldest season of the year in temperate and polar regions. It is marked by shorter days and lower sun angles. The word winter derives from Old English winter, with roots in Germanic languages referring to the cold season. In meteorology, winter is defined as December through February in the Northern Hemisphere and June through August in the Southern Hemisphere; in astronomy, it begins at the solstice and ends at the equinox.

Weather during winter varies by latitude and elevation. Common features include freezing temperatures, frost, snow, sleet, and ice. Some winters are mild with little or no snow, while others bring heavy snowfall, blizzards, and prolonged cold spells. In polar regions, winter can entail extended periods of darkness or very long nights.

Impact on ecosystems and human activity is substantial. In temperate zones, many plants enter dormancy and animals adjust behavior or physiology to cope with cold. Snow provides insulation for some ground-dwelling organisms but can create hazards for transportation and energy use. Agricultural cycles are influenced by frost timing and melt. Heating needs typically rise during winter, affecting energy consumption and infrastructure.

Culture and society are shaped by winter in numerous ways. The season influences clothing, housing design, and the adoption of winter sports. Winter holidays and festivals are common in many cultures, often tied to themes of light, harvest closure, or seasonal renewal. Climate variability and change are affecting winter patterns in various regions, with shifts in temperature, snowfall, and related ecological and economic impacts.