texting

Texting, or text messaging, is the sending of short written messages between mobile devices. The term originated with SMS, the short message service that operates over cellular networks and traditionally limits messages to about 160 characters. Today, texting also includes multimedia messaging (MMS), which can carry pictures, video, and audio, as well as IP-based messaging apps that use data networks instead of carrier text services. These apps often provide features such as read receipts, typing indicators, and end-to-end encryption.

The first SMS was sent in 1992 by Neil Papworth, and messaging saw rapid growth during the 2000s with the expansion of mobile phones and texting plans. The format evolved to support group chats, longer content via MMS, and cross-platform interoperability. With smartphones, many users now rely on messaging apps as a primary means of communication, sometimes replacing traditional voice calls.

Texting is generally asynchronous, allowing users to send messages without both parties being online at the same time. It supports one-to-one and group conversations, and enables emojis, GIFs, and other media. Delivery and read receipts, typing indicators, and message delivery status are common in many platforms. Costs vary by plan; some carriers charge per text, others offer unlimited messaging, and cross-platform messaging can affect timing and delivery.

Advantages include speed, convenience, and the ability to communicate without a phone call. Limitations include potential miscommunication due to lack of vocal tone, character limits, and reliance on network access. SMS is typically not end-to-end encrypted, raising privacy concerns; many modern messaging apps offer stronger encryption but require data usage. SMS can be vulnerable to SIM-swap attacks and device loss.

Ethical and social considerations include privacy, consent, safety, and harassment. Sexting, cyberbullying, and misinformation are risks, especially for minors. Etiquette emphasizes clarity, respect, appropriate timing, and avoiding sensitive topics in group chats.