cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is the use of electronic communication to intimidate, harass, threaten, or humiliate an individual or group. It can occur through text messages, social media posts, emails, online gaming chats, or other digital channels. Unlike some forms of offline bullying, cyberbullying can occur at any time and may reach a wide audience quickly, sometimes with anonymity that complicates accountability.

Forms of cyberbullying include sending demeaning or threatening messages, spreading rumors or embarrassing information, sharing private images without consent, impersonation, social exclusion, and doxxing. Content may be repeated or amplified by others, creating ongoing pressure for the victim and a perception of pervasive surveillance.

The effects of cyberbullying can be serious and include anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, social withdrawal, academic or work problems, and, in extreme cases, self-harm. Risk factors may include adolescence, social isolation, low self-esteem, prior victimization, and high levels of online engagement. Perpetrators are typically peers, though adults or institutions can also be involved or enable such behavior.

Prevention and response involve education on digital citizenship, clear codes of conduct in schools and workplaces, and accessible reporting mechanisms on platforms. Support for victims, including counseling and safety planning, is important. Bystanders can help by documenting abuse, offering support, and reporting incidents. Legal and policy frameworks vary by jurisdiction, with some places enforcing penalties or remedies for cyberbullying in addition to school or organizational disciplinary actions.

Research on prevalence and impact varies by country and method, but cyberbullying is widely recognized as a social and public health concern. Early intervention and evidence-based programs are commonly advocated to reduce incidents and mitigate harm.