miscommunication

Miscommunication is a failure to convey or interpret information in a way that the sender intended. It occurs when the message received diverges from the sender’s meaning due to problems in encoding or decoding, channel limitations, or contextual factors such as language, culture, or emotion. Miscommunication is distinct from misinformation, which involves false content, and from deception, which involves intent to mislead.

Miscommunication can arise in spoken, written, or nonverbal communication. Verbal miscommunication happens when words are unclear or interpreted differently. Nonverbal signals, such as tone, facial expression, or gestures, can contradict or fail to support spoken messages. Written miscommunication often results from vague phrasing, jargon, or insufficient context. Cross-cultural misunderstandings occur when different norms, values, or assumptions shape interpretation. Other factors include noise, time pressure, cognitive load, emotional state, language differences, and technology that alters latency or tone.

In practical terms, miscommunication can lead to errors, delays, conflict, reduced collaboration, and damaged trust. In safety-critical settings such as healthcare, aviation, or engineering, it can have serious or life-threatening consequences. In interpersonal relations, it can erode credibility and hinder problem solving.

Mitigation emphasizes clarifying intent and mutual understanding. Strategies include active listening, clarifying questions, paraphrase or teach-back, and summarizing key points. Using plain language and avoiding jargon reduces ambiguity. Providing written follow-ups, check-ins, and confirming agreement across channels helps; considering cultural context improves cross-cultural communication. When feasible, multiple channels and formats can reinforce understanding, and documenting decisions helps prevent repeated miscommunication.